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When a product mentions NO pathways, it usually means researchers are tracking lab signals connected to NOrelated enzymes and downstream markers in preclinical models

In youth, these pulses are strong and frequent

doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1642363 Received 06 June 2025 Accepted 17 August 2025 Published 09 September 2025 Volume 12 - 2025 Edited by Kenji Nagao, Ajinomoto (Japan), Japan Reviewed by Ana Beatriz Janurio, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil Hiba Hamdar, Plovdiv Medical University, Bulgaria Updates Copyright 2025 Chen, Li, Wang, Liu and Qiu

Gonzaga NA, do Vale GT, da Silva CBP, Pinheiro LC, Leite LN, Carneiro FS

In addition, the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) by reactive astrocytes aggravate excitotoxicity since, on the one hand, these molecules stimulate the release of glutamate from these cells, and on the other hand, these cytokines increase the functionality of post-synaptic neuronal glutamate receptors (e.g., by enhancing the phosphorylation and activation of subunits of the NMDA receptor, and by increasing the surface expression of AMPA receptors) (reviewed in [20,22]) (Figure 2)